On the Cultural Achievements of NegroesFirst published in French in 1808 and translated into English two years later under the title An Enquiry Concerning the Intellectual and Moral Faculties, and Literature of the Negroes, this book was a touchstone for nineteenth century abolitionists in England and the United States. Written by Abbe Henri Gregoire (1750 1831), it argued vigorously against assumptions of black inferiority and in favor of the humanity, equality, and cultural achievements